Dancescape Company Problems and Issues

Baby boomers are the people who were born and grew during the period between 1946 and 1965. This period is also known as post world war era, and was characterized by economic, social and political transformations.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Dancescape Company Problems and Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A key feature of this period was a total departure from the old ways of thinking, in which countries of the world were guided by the old philosophy of competition in various spheres of live. This philosophy is believed to have precipitated the world wars due to the competition between the superpowers in trying to outwit each other as they fought for the supremacy in the world (Green, 2006). After the world wars, Nations of the world so the need of embracing unity of purpose and cooperation instead of competition. This saw the formation of international organizations like the International Monetary F und (IMF), the World Bank and United Nations affiliated institutions which were aimed at ensuring that people of the world relate with each other as friends but not as enemies. This was to be achieved through the abolishment of trade tariffs and the laws which were inhibiting the movement of people from one country to the other (Light, 2002). This cooperation between States and Nations of the world led to the emergence of a new generation of people who were more willing to coexist with each other irrespective of their cultural backgrounds. What followed was economic development in many Nations of the world thus creating a lot of wealth. The people who were born and grew at this time are believed to be different from other cohorts in the world because they were born and brought up during times of affluence. They got the best education, training and were the most exposed to the different cultures of the world (Green, 2006). They are also considered to have been different in terms of t hinking. They actually disregarded the old idea of perceiving people from other countries as rivals by being open minded, which led to cross cultural intermarriages as well as dual citizenships. A good example to illustrate this is the United States, which is inhabited by people of various cultural backgrounds. Due to creation of massive wealth, the population of the world is also believed to have increased due to improved health care and education (Green, 2006). Most of the people who were born during this time therefore have a lot of wealth and are as well among the most educated in the world. Taking the example of Canada, this group of people comprise one third of Canada’s total population and is believed to control over 55% of Canada’s disposable income.Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to their massive wealth, the baby boomers have created many opport unities for doing business in various sectors like heath care, security and leisure. Many investors all over the world are now targeting ventures which provide services which are relevant to this category of people more than any other category (Green, 2006). In Canada for example, two former North American dancing champions Beverly and Robert Tang have identified this opportunity and decided to establish a company known as Dancescape. These gentlemen are motivated by the presence of television shows which promote dancing. One such show is the ‘dancing with the stars’. Their company is basically concerned with offering dancing lessons mostly to the baby boomers, which are believed to have a lot of disposable income. Their main target is women due to the fact that most women are the ones who control house hold expenditures (Green, 2006). They have invested a total of $20 000 in making ‘learn how to dance’ videos so as to make their work easier and more effect ive. They are also planning to have in place three websites which would enable baby boomers to download dancing videos as well as share information about the dancing programs (Green, 2006). Background Information Dancescape is a company based in Canada and is owned by two former champions of dancing in North America. The company offers dancing lessons to baby boomers especially women. Those who are interested are enrolled in a class where they attend dancing sessions and pay for those sessions. The company has also invested in making a video known as learn how to dance, which is already selling in the United States. They are also planning to use it in Canada as well as in Britain. The company is also in the process of investing in making three websites which will enable dancers to interact, shop and download the videos for them to get some dancing tips. They are in need of $1.4million and they approach Tim so as to woo him to help them with some money in form of credit. The rational e behind investing in the leisure sector is that the baby boomers as explained above have a lot of disposable income and it is the believe of the owners of Dancsscape that their business will have many customers.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Dancescape Company Problems and Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also believe that dancing is a form of exercise which is very necessary for elderly people because it makes them not only to exercise and feel good but also feel a bit younger. They also believe that the use of the internet to market the company will also make as many baby boomers as possible access the learn how to dance videos, thus making the company become a global firm. However, there is the challenge of funds for stabilizing, marketing and expanding their business beyond Canada and United States. They are also concerned that there may be a need to change the strategy they want to use in m arketing because many baby boomers may not be technologically savvy, which can make most of them not access information about the company and its services. Statement of Problems or Issues Presence of large population of baby boomers who have a lot of disposable income Lack of companies which offer relevant leisure activities to the baby boomers The owners of the company are former champions of dancing in North America and thus have passion in dancing Many baby boomers are in need of doing exercise given that most of them are aged 45 years and above. The owners of Dancscape company are using a lot of time giving instructions to their customers on how to dance They have invested in making a learn how to dance video which is selling in United States and plans are underway to distribute it in Canada and Britain They also want to make the company become global and thus are in need of over $ 1.4 million, which they plan to use in marketing, by putting in place three websites where baby b oomers can download the learn how to dance videos, interact and share information about how to dance In a bid to secure the badly needed capital for the expansion of the business, they approach Mr. Tim Draper, a renowned capitalist who is believed to have made millions by investing in the Hotmail Their presentation(sales pitch ) is however poorly prepared and this embarrasses Mr. Tim Draper, who does not come out clear on whether he will support the owners of Dancescape or not Many baby boomers may not be technologically savvy and they may not be able to benefit from the company’s’ information which it intends to put on its three websites Situation Analysis Strengths (internal) Passion of owners of the company in dancing, a great motivation in deed High levels of commitment in instructing baby boomers on how to dance The learn how to dance videos which are selling in the United States thus generating income to the company Possession of good networks like with people such as Tim Draper Weaknesses (Internal) Lack of financial capital for expansion Lack of staff to work as instructors Lack of popularity Spending too much time in instructing dancers at the expense of sourcing for capital for expansion Lack of diversity in the ownership of the company in that the owners are only knowledgeable in dancing but not in other disciplines like management, accounting and so forth; Very small number of shareholders(only two in number); The owners of the company are too ambitious in thinking of making the company a global one despite the fact that some baby boomers in other parts of the world may not be interested in dancing as a form of doing exercise Opportunities (External) Presence of large population of baby boomers Presence of large quantities of disposable income by the baby boomers Presence of the internet, which can be used for marketing the company Presence of financial institutions which can give credit to the company for its expansion The desi re for many baby boomers to do exercise especially in form of dancing The presence of television shows which promote dancing programs like the ‘dancing with the stars’ Presence of young people who can assist the baby boomers who are not technologically savvy in accessing and downloading the learn how to dance videos Presence of many people who are educated and thus able to be employed to work as instructors for the dancers Good diet, health care and access to information technology, which are making the baby boomers to have long lifespans Threats (External) Presence of other forms of leisure which may not require dancing Presence of many other companies in the hospitality industry Some of the baby boomers may not be technologically savvy and therefore may be unable to access the services offered online by the company Lack of social networks outside Canada Emergence of new dancing styles every now and then Change of preferences in terms of leisure activities and intere sts among the baby boomers Diminishing demand as a result of Lack of replacement for the baby boomers in that most of them are elderly and once they die, there would be few or no customers of their type Criteria To establish three websites for baby boomers to socialize and down load the learn how to dance videos Market the company and make it a global firm Mobilize funds from well-wishers or financial institutions to strengthen and expand the business Carry out media campaigns to promote dancing as a form of exercise among the baby boomers Constraints Internal Constraints Financial constraints- lack of enough financial resources for expansion of the company Time management- the owners are not good in time management and that is why they were not able to prepare their sale pitch properly so as to woo Mr. Tim Draper for financial support. The owners are overly interested in instructing their dancers The mixture of passion and business may not work very well for the company because they may not be aggressive enough to operate the company as a business but rather operate it as a way of quenching their passion in dancing External Constraints Some baby boomers may not be technologically savvy Baby boomers are aging and dyeing but they are not being replaced Digital divide, which may make some baby boomers not able to access the services due to lack of internet facilities Alternatives To integrate other programs with the dancing program Come up with programs which are customized to various cohorts both within the baby boomers and among the other populations as well Look for support from other institutions which provide hospitality services Merge with other like-minded partners so as to make the number of shareholders bigger Recommendations I would recommend that the Dancescape company integrates other programs with their learn how to dance program. This will make their company become widely known due to a variety of programs. The company should consider havi ng in place programs which attract the youth like sports, indoor games, provision of other services like mentorship and behavior change communication. The reason for doing this is that the company would be sure of sustainability, especially in terms of their customers. The other recommendation is for the company to recruit professionals to work as instructors, managers, accountants, research professionals and ICT personnel, lawyers and social workers to do an evaluation of the program and redesign it so that it may be marketable in all parts of the world not just in Canada and the United States. References Green, B. (2006).Marketing to leading-edge baby boomers: perceptions, principles, practices, predictions. (2nd Ed.). Ithaca, NY: Paramount Market Publishing. Light, P.C.(2002).Baby Boomers. San Diego, CA: Replica Books. 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Verbs + Gerund or Infinitive That Change in Meaning

Verbs + Gerund or Infinitive That Change in Meaning Many verbs in English can be combined with verbs  in the gerund (doing) or infinitive (to do) form.   Verb Gerund Some verbs are followed by the gerund (or  ing) form of the verb: consider doing - I havent considered looking for a new job.appreciate doing - I appreciate listening to music on a daily basis. Verb Infinitive Some verbs are followed by the infinitive form of the verb: hope to do - I hope to see you next week at the party.decide to do - Ive decided to find a new job next week. Most verbs take either the gerund or the infinitive, but not both forms. In this case, its important to learn which verbs take which form. However, there are a number of verbs which can take both forms. Most of these keep the meaning the same:   She started to play the piano. She started playing the piano.I like to go to the beach at least once a year. I like going to the beach at least once a year. Some verbs which can take both forms have a change in meaning depending on whether the verb is followed by the gerund  or the infinitive. Here is an explanation of these verbs with examples to help provide context. Forget to Do Use  forget to do  to indicate that someone did not do something: She often forgets to lock the door when she leaves the house.I forgot to get the groceries at the supermarket. Forget Doing Use  forget doing  to say that someone doesnt remember something that they have done in the past: Mary forgets meeting Tim in Italy.Annette forgot locking the door before she left her home. Remember to Do Use  remember to do  when speaking about something someone should do: Make sure you remember to pick up some eggs at the supermarket.Im sure Ill remember to invite Peter to the party. Dont worry about it! Remember Doing Use  remember doing  to speak about a memory that someone has: I remember buying him a present.Jeff remembers living in Italy like it was yesterday. Regret to Do Use  regret to do  in the case that someone must do something that is unpleasant: I regret to tell you the bad newsThey regret to inform us that weve lost all our money! Regret Doing Use  regret doing  to express that someone doesnt like what they did at some time in the past: Peter regrets moving to Chicago.Allison regrets falling in love with Tim. Stop to Do Use  stop to do  in order to say that someone stops one action in order to do another action: Jason stopped to speak with his boss about the convention.My friend stopped to smoke a cigarette before he continued with the conversation. Stop Doing Use  stop doing  to show that someone has completely quit some action. This form is often used when speaking about bad habits: I stopped smoking cigarettes.You should stop complaining about money all the time. Try to Do Use try to do  to encourage someone to do something: He should try to learn a new language.I think you should try to save some money this month. Try Doing Use  try doing  when speaking about an experiment or something that is new: He tried going to a fitness club, but it didnt work out for him.Have you ever tried cooking fish in olive oil? Infinitive or Gerund Quiz Test your understanding of these differences in meaning by deciding whether the verb should be used in the infinitive or gerund form based on the clues provided: Jack remembers _____ (buy) eggs at the supermarket because he always takes a list.Jason stopped _____  (play)  the piano at six because it was time for dinner.I certainly didnt forget ___________ (ask) him the question because hes already given me his answer.Janice stopped _____ (make) a telephone call before she continued with her shopping.  Whats the worst thing you regret _____ (do) in your life?Have you ever forgotten _____ (get) a present for your wife on your anniversary?Alan stopped _____ (drink) years ago because of a serious liver problem.I regret _____ (tell) you that we are going out of business next month.I remember ______ (play) football when I was in high school. Unfortunately, I didnt play much during the games.I dont think Ill ever regret _____ (fall) in love with my wife. Weve been married for over thirty years! Answers: to buyplayingto askto makedoingto getdrinkingto tellplayingfalling

Measuring crime SC2E36C Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Measuring crime SC2E36C - Essay Example 1999). According to him, the population from which the data is to be collected from should be studied well and all the traits of the various members should be considered before getting the sample. Traits like; social welfare of the parents, the environment of one’s upbringing, community perceptions among many other aspects should be considered before the sample is determined. In this case, the sample should be unbiased in that, each and every trait as said above should be included in the final sample. In this case, for the sample to be unbiased, all social groups should be included. The social welfare of the parents should be considered so as to have a sample with professionals, unskilled workers, skilled workers etc. Male and female representation should almost be the same and should be directed by availability (Judith, G and Nicki, T 2004). To get a good sample which is representative, then the following sampling techniques should be used according to the importance of the study. The first is random sampling where all the elements of the population have an equal chance of being selected. To Tronchim, W. (2008), this is applied in case the population is homogenous; the population is not spread. In this research study, this cannot be used since the population is not homogenous. Another technique is stratified sampling. In stratified sampling, the entire population is sub-divided into stratus each consisting of members which have the same traits (Tronchim, W. 2008). For example in this case, parents who are professionals should be counted as strata. Again, unskilled parents should form other strata. It is from the stratus that a sample is drawn where the sample size depends on the error of estimation and the size of the population. However, statistically, the larger the sample size the effective the findings as well the generalization of the same. This is the right technique to use in

Critical tussle between Democrats and Republicans Essay

Critical tussle between Democrats and Republicans - Essay Example In the recent past, the U.S government found itself in a shutdown status. The government shutdown, as Weisman and Jeremy describe, was caused by a critical tussle between democrats and republicans in the congress. This article essentially fits into the critical thinking field of deductive reasoning and/or argument. To start with, deductive arguments begin at a generalized platform, after which valid and logical conclusions are made from the premises of the argument. This critical thinking approach is applicable to Weisman and Jeremy’s article.The two authors make a claim that links government shutdown to the budget impasse. The presentation of the claim occurs in a general setting, thus requiring the deduction of what exactly caused the shutdown with regard to the budget impasse. In this respect, the article explores diverse aspects of the matter, with an aim to show that the government shutdown due to an impasse that was primarily budget-based. The standoff between democrats and republicans is discussed and subsequently linked to the issue in question.In light of the argument made in the article, the premise validly and logically informs the conclusion. The cause of the government shutdown was purely budgetary. On the same note, both democrats and republicans were the primary parties in the premise of the argument. Moving from a generalized statement to the valid and logical conclusion of what exactly happened, the article is fundamentally informed by critical thinking concepts.

Feedback after reading loss of the creature written by Walker Percy Essay

Feedback after reading loss of the creature written by Walker Percy - Essay Example In the education sector, the teachers created the intentions they intend on the students based on the kind of impression they create during the classroom learning. In essence, the value of any object is lost due to the subjectivity that people imparts on the creature. To start with, Percy (1) discusses the image of the Grand Canyon and the way people under different circumstances see it. He considers two different people and the way they perceive the Grand Canyon under the circumstances they see it; while the discoverer puts a lot of value on the feature, a sightseer today will have very little value for this Canyon. For the discoverer, the Canyon is a new image and a new encounter and this is the ground in which he makes judgment of the object. He has the privilege to make personal judgment on the Canyon and deduce the value of the object at that moment. However, the sightseer is a person who knows about the object and some preformed expectations of the object. Likely, people who paid the feature a visit influence the sightseer and hence they create some predefined expectations of the image. Therefore, they will go with this image and will expect the image to conform to this image. When a sightseer goes with very high expectations, they may judg e the feature harshly and find it rather below their expectation. The point that passes here is that the image created by people about something influence the way people see that thing. Percy idea on the beauty of a creature is comparable to the day-to-day experiences, and the definition of beauty in the society. Beauty is subjective and the way people will describe a person will influence how others see that person. For instance, if before the encounter of someone has the image that that person is ugly, they will have such an attitude and it is this image that they will use to judge the person during their initial encounter. Likely, the person

Ammonium Perchlorate Decomposition in Nano-titania

Ammonium Perchlorate Decomposition in Nano-titania Thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate in the presence of commercial nano-titania Mostafa Mahinroosta* Abstract Addition of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (especially transition metal oxides) to ammonium perchlorate improves its thermal decomposition via decreasing the high temperature of decomposition. Two mechanisms including electron-transfer and proton-transfer have been proposed for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. In this research field, nanometer transition metal oxides have attracted a growing attention. Titanium dioxide exists under three crystalline forms of rutile, anatase, and brookite. All three forms occur naturally but the latter is rather rare and has no commercial interest. Anatase becomes more stable than rutile when the particle size is decreased below 14 nm. In the present study, commercial nano-titania with an average particle size of 10-25 nm was added to ammonium perchlorate. Catalytic effect of the titania nanoparticles on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate was evaluated. Some samples of ammonium perchlorate consisting of various mass l oadings of nano-titania were prepared. Thermogravimetry analysis results indicate that addition of titania nanoparticles to ammonium perchlorate lessens decomposition temperature of ammonium perchlorate. The most decrease in the decomposition temperature was 61  °C and observed in the presence of 3 wt.% of nanometer titanium dioxide. Keywords: Titania; Ammonium perchlorate; Thermal decomposition; Nanostructure. 1. Introduction Over the past few years, nanoparticles of many different compounds and combinations have received considerable attention in the scientific and engineering research fields [1]. Nanometer materials exhibit a much larger surface area for a certain mass or volume compared to conventional particles [2]. The oxide nanoparticles are the materials with good electrical, optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties that are different from their bulk counterparts [3]. Reduction in the particle size lessens the transient heat conduction travel through the particle over time, and an increase in the surface-to-volume ratio leads to better dispersion of the particles in the mixture, increasing the reactant sites. Finally, the nanometer particles can have completely different surface chemistry, often better than their micron-sized counterparts [4]. Among these nanostructure oxides, titanium dioxide or titania (TiO2) nanostructures have emerged as one of the most promising materials because of their p otential for gas sensors, especially for humidity and oxygen detection [2, 3, 5], optical devices [3, 5, 6], photocatalysis [2, 3, 6], fabricating capacitors in microelectronic devices due to its unusually high dielectric constant [3, 6], pigments [2, 7], adsorbents [7], and solar cells [5]. A relatively low level of TiO2 is needed to achieve a white opaque coating which is resistant to discoloration under ultraviolet light. TiO2 pigment is used in many diverse products, such as paints, coatings, glazes, enamels, plastics, papers, inks, fibers, foods, pharmaceuticals or cosmetics. Pure titanium dioxide is colorless in the massive state, non-toxic, thermally stable, inert versus acids, alkalis and solvents, and insoluble. It exists under three fundamental crystalline phases: rutile which is the most stable and the most abundant form, anatase (octahedrite) and brookite. All three forms occur naturally but the latter is rather rare and has no commercial interest. Anatase becomes more s table than rutile when the particle size is decreased below 14 nm. Generally speaking, the functional properties of nano-TiO2 are influenced by a large number of factors such as particle size, surface area, synthesis method and conditions, and crystallinity [2]. The presence of nano metals and metal oxides especially transition metal oxides as the nanocatalyst in solid propellant formulations tailors the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP in short). Thermal decomposition improvement of AP as a powerful oxidizer salt has attracted many attentions [1, 4, 8-10]. Decrease amounts of decomposition temperature of AP in the presence of the different nano metal and metal oxides are summarized in Table 1. Table 1 is here Vargeese [26] showed that significant reduction in activation energy indicates a strong catalytic activity of TiO2 on the thermal decomposition of AP. Fujimura and Miyake [27] studied the effect of specific surface area of TiO2 on the thermal decomposition of AP and concluded that the thermal decomposition temperature of AP decreases when the specific surface area of TiO2 increases. The catalytic effect of commercial nanometer titanium dioxide on the thermal decomposition of AP is investigated within the scope of this study. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Materials Ammonium perchlorate (monomodal 120  µm) was purchased from Merck. Commercial nano-TiO2 in anatase form was purchased from Pishgaman Company located in Mashhad, Iran (Figure. 1). Its purity was more than 99%. Chemical composition and physical properties of nano-TiO2 are given in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Table 2 is here Table 3 is here 2.2. Methods 2.2.1. X-ray diffraction analysis X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of TiO2 nanoparticles was performed with a Philips PW 1800 powder X-ray diffractometer using CuKÃŽ ± radiation at 40 kV and 30 mA. 2.2.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of nano-TiO2 was prepared on a Philips transmission electron microscope operated at an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. 2.2.3. Thermogravimetry analysis The thermal decomposition processes of the samples were characterized by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) using Dupont 2000 instrument at a heating rate of 10  °C/min until temperature of 600  °C. 2.2.4. Sample preparation The AP was mixed with various mass loadings of TiO2 nanoparticles namely 1, 2, and 3 wt.% to prepare the samples for thermal decomposition study. Theses samples were labeled as AP1T (AP+1% nano-TiO2), AP2T (AP+2% nano-TiO2), and AP3T (AP+3% nano-TiO2). Before thermal decomposition experiments using TGA technique, the samples were homogenized. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Characterization of nanostructure The TEM analysis was performed to confirm the actual size of the particles and the distribution of the crystallites. It is clear from the micrograph that the average size of the particles is located in range of 10-25 nm. TEM image of TiO2 nanoparticles is shown in Figure 2. Clear spherical structure can be seen from this figure. Figure 3 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the commercial nano-TiO2. It can be obviously seen that that diffraction peaks appear in the pattern associated with the anatase phase with proper crystalline nature. A very strong anatase peak is observed at 2ÆÅ ¸ of 25.25 °, assigned to (101) plane. Other anatase peaks are observed at 2ÆÅ ¸ of 37.7 ° (004), 47.7 ° (200), 53.54 ° (105), and 62.32 ° (204). 3.2. Catalytic activity of nano-titania Figure 4 shows the TGA curve for the thermal decomposition of pure AP. As can be seen in figure 4, the first exothermic peak is appeared in temperature of 327  °C that accompanied by a weight loss of 18 wt.%. This peak can be related to the partial decomposition of AP and the formation of some NH3 and HClO4 via dissociation and sublimation. The second exothermic peak is occurred in temperature of 411  °C. The weight loss in this stage is about 92 wt.% that is corresponding to complete decomposition of transition products to volatile products. Figure 5 presents the TGA curves associated with thermal decomposition of AP in the presence of 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of TiO2 nanoparticles. From this figure, it is clear that the partial decomposition of AP in the presence of 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of TiO2 nanoparticles is happened in a temperature much lower than 327  °C. Also, complete decomposition of AP in the presence of 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of TiO2 nanoparticles is occurred in temperatures of 370, 360, and 350  °C, respectively that accompanied by decrease of 41, 51, and 61 °C, respectively. It is obvious that addition of nano-sized TiO2 to AP has deep effect on the exothermic decomposition of AP. According to these results, it can be concluded that the catalytic effect of nano-sized TiO2 is observed mainly on high-temperature decomposition process and not on the initial stages of decomposition. 3.3. Mechanism of thermal decomposition of AP Based on the recent studies, two main mechanisms have been suggested for thermal decomposition of AP [11, 16, 17, 21]: First mechanism: electron transfer from perchlorate ion to ammonium ion which is as follows: ClO4+NH3+→ClO40+NH40 NH40→NH3+H ClO40+ClO4=ClO4+ClO40 HClO4+H→H2O+ClO3 Second mechanism: proton transfer from ammonium ion to perchlorate ion which is as follows: NH4ClO4(s) →NH4++ClO4→NH3(s) +HClO4(s) →NH3(g) +HClO4(g) For first mechanism, it is proposed that the rate-determining stage is electron transfer and inasmuch as the p-type semiconductors have positive holes, they can accept the released electron from perchlorate ion. Thus, these catalysts accelerate the electron transfer. eoxide+ClO4→Ooxide+ClO3→1/2O2+ClO3+eoxide in which eoxide is a positive hole in the valence band of the oxide and Ooxide is an abstracted oxygen atom from oxide. It is clear that this mechanism includes two steps: 1) oxidation of ammonia and 2) dissociation of ClO4 species into ClO3 and O2. In first step, metal oxides exhibit high catalytic activity in ammonia oxidation and in second step metal oxides accept the released electron from ammonia oxidation that may promote the dissociation of ClO4 into ClO3 and O2. For second mechanism, steps (I)-(III) have been proposed. In step (I), the ammonium and perchlorate ions are paired. Step (II) is started with proton transfer from NH4+ cation to ClO4 anion and the molecular complex is formed that then is decomposed into NH3 and HClO4 in step (III). The molecules of NH3 and HClO4 react in adsorbed layer on the perchlorate surface or they are desorbed and sublimed that is accompanied by interactions in gas phase. NH4+ClO4 ↔ NH3-H-ClO4 ↔ NH3-HClO4 ↔ NH3(a)+HClO4(a) (I) (II) (III) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ NH3(g)+HClO4(g) At low temperature (2, N2O, Cl2, NO, and H2O are formed. Based on proton transfer, during high-temperature decomposition, the nanoparticles adsorb the reactive molecules on their surface and catalyze the reaction. The existence of more holes in p-type semiconductor catalysts is responsible for the increasing of the AP decomposition. In this study, the mechanism of thermal decomposition of AP in the presence of the TiO2 nanoparticles can be explained as follows: Titanium has the electronic configuration of [Ar]3d24s2. Experiments have demonstrated that it can form both +3 and +4 oxidation state, so it can lose 3 or 4 electrons to form cations. The +4 state is the most common and stable, because it is able to form an octet. The +3 state is less stable (more reactive) because it leaves a single d electron in the valence orbital. Ti4+ cation in TiO2 structure has s and d-type orbitals with 3d04s0 electronic configuration. These orbitals have not been filled with electrons and provide a useful space for electron transfer in AP thermal decomposition and play the role of a bridge. By accepting transferred electrons resulted from ClO4 degradation, ClO4 degradation is promoted. On the other hand, TiO2 nanoparticles have high specific surface area and large amount of surface active sites that increase adsorption of reactive molecules in gas phase to the surface and promote the redox reactions between them. 4. Conclusions The results of thermogravimetry analysis show that the nanometer titanium dioxide has significant catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. The presence of nano-sized titanium dioxide improves significantly the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. With increase of content of nanometer titanium dioxide, the decrease in decomposition temperature of ammonium perchlorate becomes greater. References [1] Jennifer, LS, Matthew, AS, Sameer, D, Eric, LP, and Sudipta, S: Burn rate sensitization of solid propellants using a nano-titania additive. In: Proceeding of the 20th international colloquium on the dynamics of explosions and reactive systems, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, July 31-August 5 2005. [2] Marie-Isabelle, B: Nano-TiO2 for solar cells and photocatalytic water splitting: scientific and technological challenges for commercialization. The Open Nanoscience Journal, 5, 64-77 (2013). [3] Suresh, S: Synthesis and electrical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles using a wet chemical technique. American Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 1(1), 27-30 (2013). [4] Demko, AR, Johnson, M, Allen, TW, Reid, DL, and Seal, S: Comparison of commercially available and synthesized titania nano-additives on the burning rate of composite HTPB/AP propellant samples. Spring technical meeting of the central states section of the combustion institute, April 22-24 2012. [5] MortezaAli, A, and Saeideh, RS: Study of growth parameters on structural properties of TiO2 nanowires. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 3, 35 (2013). [6] Karimi, L and Zohoori, S: Superior photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in aqueous solutions using TiO2/SrTiO3 nanocomposite. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 3, 32 (2013). [7] Vijayalakshmi, R and Rajendran, V: Synthesis and characterization of nano-TiO2 via different methods. Archives of Applied Science Research, 4(2), 1183-1190 (2012). [8] Goncalves, RFB, Rocco, AFF and Iha, K: Thermal decomposition kinetics of aged solid propellants based on ammonium perchlorate-AP/HTPB binder. INTECH, doi: 10.5772/52109. [9] Rodic, V: Effect of titanium (IV) oxide on composite solid propellant properties. Scientific Technical Review, 62(3-4), 21-27 (2012). [10] Matthew, AS, Eric, LP, Carro, R, David, LR and Sudipta, S: Multi-parameters study of nanoscale TiO2 and CeO2 additives in composite AP/HTPB solid propellants. 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[27] Fujimura, K and Miyake, A: The effect of specific surface area of TiO2 on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. J Therm Anal Calorim, 99, 27-31 (2010). Figure legends Figure 1. Commercial nano-TiO2 used in this study Figure 2. TEM image of TiO2 nanoparticles Figure 3. XRD patterns of TiO2 nanoparticles Figure 4. TGA curve related to pure AP Figure 5. TGA curves related to (a) AP1T, (b) AP2T, and (c) AP3T Table 1. Reported data from the literature on the decrease in AP decomposition temperature in the presence of different nano metal and metal oxides. Nanocatalyst Preparation method Amount (wt.%) Decrease in decomposition temperature ( °C) Reference Nano-yttria Sol-gel 5 114.6 [11] CuO/AP composite nanoparticles A novel solvent-nonsolvent method 95.83 [12] Co2O3/AP composite nanoparticles A novel solvent-nonsolvent method 137.11 [12] NiO nanoparticles Solid-state reaction 2 93 [13] Ni nanoparticles Hydrogen plasma method 2-5 92-105 [14] Nano-sized MgO Sol-gel 2 75 [15] Nano-sized ÃŽ ±-Fe2O3 Electrochemical method 2 59 [16] Nanometer CoFe2O4 Polyol-medium solvothermal 2 112.8 [17] Nano-MnFe2O4 Co-precipitation phase inversion 3 77.3 [18] Nano-MnFe2O4 Low-temperature combustion 3 84.9 [18] Sphere-like ÃŽ ±-Fe2O3 NH3 ·H2O and NaOH solution to adjust the pH value 81 [19] pod-like ÃŽ ±-Fe2O3 NH3 ·H2O and NaOH solution to adjust the pH value 72 [19] Nanometer CoC2O4 Co-precipitation 2 104 [20] Nano-sized CuO Sol-gel 90.47 [21] Nano-sized Co3O4 Sol-gel 92.07 [21] Nano-sized CuCo2O4 Sol-gel 102.78 [21] CuO nanocrystals Simple chemical deposition 2 85 [22] Nanometer CuFe2O4 Auto-combustion method 2 105 [23] Co nanoparticles Hydrogen plasma 2 145.01 [24] Cu-Co nanocrystal Hydrazine reduction in ethylene glycol 1 96 [25] Cu-Fe 1 89 Cu-Zn 1 114 Table 2. Chemical composition of nano-TiO2 Element Mg Nb Al S Si Ca Amount (ppm) Table 3. Physical properties of nano-TiO2 Bulk density (g/cm3) Actual density (g/cm3) Average particle size (nm) Specific surface area (m2/g) Color 0.24 3.90 10 to 25 200 to 240 white 1

The Clashing Interests of The Founding Fathers Essays -- American Hist

The Clashing Interests of The Founding Fathers The framing of the American Constitution resulted in several conflicts dealing with economic issues, political concerns and dynamic conflicts of interest between the delegates. Each separate force had a perspective, usually clouded by personal motives, on how the new governmental system should operate. During the framing of the Constitution, the central conflicts were between the small states and the big states while in the ratification period the struggle involved the anti-federalists and the federalists. Each opposing force struggled for the power to have their personal interest and beliefs represented in the new governmental system. The different sectional interests were incorporated into the larger goal of creating the national government. Power, in of itself, is not evil. When coupled with the self-interest and motives of man, power becomes evil and destroys all possibilities of liberty, law and right. Bernard Bailyn, author of The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, correctly notes that what "gave transcendent i...